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Part of the Series Paying for College GuideSaving for College
Scholarships and Grants: Free Money
Types of Student Loans
What Loans Cost
Decoding Student Aid Offers
Best Student Loans
Federal direct loans may be subsidized or unsubsidized. Both types of loans offer numerous benefits, including flexible repayment options, low interest rates, the option to consolidate loans, as well as forbearance and deferment programs. The main difference is that subsidized loans are based on the borrower's financial needs. Both loans must be paid back with interest, but the government helps pay some interest on subsidized student loans.
The rising cost of a college degree has more students than ever borrowing to cover their expenses. While some students opt for loans from private lenders, more than 42.8 million borrowers have federal student loans. Knowing your options for federal subsidized and unsubsidized loans may help you prepare to pay for a college education.
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Federal direct student loans that are subsidized or unsubsidized are available to borrowers who meet the following requirements:
Direct subsidized loans are only available to undergraduates who demonstrate a financial need. Both undergraduates and graduate students can apply for direct unsubsidized loans, and there’s no financial need requirement.
If you qualify for a subsidized loan, the government pays your loan interest while you're in school at least half-time and continues to pay it during a six-month grace period after you leave school. The government will also pay your loan during a period of deferment.
To apply for either type of loan, you will need to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This form asks for information about your income and assets, in addition to those of your parents. Your school uses your FAFSA to determine which types of loans you qualify for and how much you’re eligible to borrow.
As part of COVID-19 relief, federal student loan payments were paused for three years and resumed starting October 2023. The Supreme Court in a June 2023 decision ruled the Biden administration lacked the authority to give borrowers as much as $20,000 in student loan relief. Two months later, the White House announced the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) plan, which it said would reduce undergraduate loan repayments from 10% to 5% of discretionary income. Borrowers below certain income thresholds wouldn't have to make any monthly payments.
However, a series of legal actions have since been filed against the SAVE plan. On July 18, 2024, a 8th Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay that effectively puts a hold on the SAVE plan until the matter is settled. Anyone that's currently enrolled in the SAVE plan has been placed in an administrative forbearance until the matter is settled. New applications to the plan have been suspended. The Biden-Harris administration has promised to fight the legal actions intended to gut the plan, but for the time being, it remains in limbo.
The Federal Direct Loan Program has maximum limits for how much you can borrow annually through a subsidized or unsubsidized loan. There’s also an aggregate borrowing limit.
First-year undergraduate students can borrow a combined $5,500 in subsidized and unsubsidized loans if they’re still financially dependent on their parents. Only $3,500 of that amount may be subsidized loans. Independent students, and dependent students whose parents don’t qualify for direct PLUS loans, can borrow up to $9,500 for their first year of undergraduate study. Subsidized loans are also limited to $3,500 of that amount.
The borrowing limit increases for each subsequent year of enrollment. The total aggregate unsubsidized loan limit is $31,000 for dependent students, with subsidized loans capped at $23,000. For independent students, the aggregate limit is raised to $57,500, with the same $23,000 cap on subsidized loans.
Beware of predatory lenders. Large companies have been caught improperly approving loans to those unlikely to repay them and recommending federal loan forbearance instead of better relief options.
Including their undergraduate borrowing, graduate and professional students have an aggregate limit of $138,500 in direct loans, $65,500 of which can be subsidized. Since 2012, however, graduate and professional students have been eligible only for unsubsidized loans.
Between 2013 and 2021, the United States Department of Education limited the number of years you could receive student loan subsidies to 150% of the published length of your program. This meant that if you were enrolled in a four-year degree, the longest you could receive direct subsidized loans was six years. This rule was repealed effective July 1, 2021. In addition, the repeal was applied retroactively to the 2013–2014 award year. Any borrower who accrued interest as a result of exceeding the subsidized student loan limit had their balances adjusted.
Federal loans are known for having some of the lowest interest rates available, especially compared to private lenders that may charge borrowers a double-digit annual percentage rate (APR). For the year between July 1, 2024, and June 30, 2025, federal student loan interest rates are 6.53% for undergraduate student loans and 8.08% for graduate student loans.
There's also one other thing to note about the interest. The federal government pays the interest on direct subsidized loans as long as you’re enrolled at least half time in school, for the first six months after you leave school, and during deferment periods. This interest subsidy doesn't extend to student loans that are put into forbearance. If you stop making payments or temporarily make smaller payments, interest will continue to accumulate.
You'll have several options available when it comes time to start repaying your loans. Unless you ask your lender for a different option, you’ll automatically be enrolled in the standard repayment plan. This plan sets your repayment term at up to 10 years, with equal payments each month.
The graduated repayment plan, by comparison, starts your payments off lower, then raises them incrementally. This plan also has a term of up to 10 years, but you’ll pay more than you would with the standard option because of how payments are structured. There are also several income-driven repayment (IDR) plans for students who need flexibility in how much they pay each month.
This income-based plan sets your payments at 10% of your monthly discretionary income, which is recalculated each year. This plan allows you to stretch repayment out for 20 or 25 years, depending on whether you borrowed for an undergraduate or graduate program, and outstanding balances are forgiven if you haven’t repaid within that time. The advantage of income-driven plans is that they can lower your monthly payment. But the longer it takes you to pay off the loans, the more you will pay in total interest.
The upside is that paid student loan interest is tax-deductible. You can deduct up to $2,500 in interest paid on a qualified student loan, and you don't have to itemize to get this deduction. Deductions reduce your taxable income for the year, which may lower your tax bill or add to the size of your refund. If you paid $600 or more in student loan interest for the year, you’d receive Form 1098-E from your loan servicer to use for tax filing.
Subsidized and unsubsidized loans are made by the federal government. These loans offer protections and benefits that private student loans may not offer. For example, federal student loans may qualify for forgiveness or debt relief plans. While you can refinance your federal student loans into private student loans, it may not be the best decision. It's important to consider all of your options for repaying your federal student loans first. After that, if you still want to refinance, you'll want to look into the companies that are the best for student loan refinancing.
Both types of loans are offered by the federal government and must be paid back with interest. However, the government will make some of the interest payments on subsidized loans.
Unsubsidized loans have many benefits. They can be used for undergraduate and graduate school, and students don't need to show financial need to qualify. Keep in mind that the interest begins accruing as soon as you take out the loan, but you don't have to pay the loans back until after you graduate, and there are no credit checks when you apply, unlike private loans.
Subsidized loans offer many benefits if you qualify for them. The primary benefit is the government pays the interest on the subsidized portion of the loan while a student is in school and during the six-month grace period after graduation. However, subsidized loans are only available to undergraduate students who demonstrate financial need.
You can pay back your subsidized loan at any time. Most students begin paying their loans back after they graduate, and the loan payment is required six months after graduation. This six-month period is known as the grace period, during which time the government pays the interest due on the loans. When your loan enters the repayment phase, your loan servicer will place you on the standard repayment plan, but you can request a different payment plan at any time. Borrowers can make their loan payments online via their loan servicer's website in most cases.
Both direct subsidized and unsubsidized loans can help pay for college. Just remember that either type of loan eventually must be repaid and with interest. Think carefully about how much you’ll need to borrow and which repayment option is likely to work best for your budget.
